Surgery began as a means to treat injuries, with techniques developed for suturing lacerations and amputations. Early manipulation of bone and wounds is documented from ancient times, showcasing humanity's innate drive to heal.

Trepanation, the practice of drilling holes in the skull, dates back to at least 6500 BCE. This procedure was performed to relieve intracranial pressure and treat epilepsy and migraines, showing early surgical ingenuity.

Egyptian medicine, as documented in the Ebers Papyrus, included advanced surgical techniques like wound suturing and abscess drainage. These texts reveal the sophistication of ancient Egyptian medical knowledge.

Sushruta, an Indian physician, authored the Sushruta Samhita, describing surgeries like rhinoplasty and cataract extraction. His work is foundational in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery.

The Greeks and Romans made significant advancements in surgery. Hippocrates and Galen set ethical standards and emphasized anatomical studies, influencing medical practices for centuries.

During the Middle Ages, figures like Al-Zahrawi standardized surgical instruments, and the translation of medical texts preserved ancient knowledge. Barber-surgeons also emerged, performing basic surgeries.

The Renaissance era saw figures like Vesalius, who corrected anatomical inaccuracies, and Paré, who innovated battlefield medicine with new techniques for treating wounds effectively.

The 19th century introduced anesthesia and antiseptics, revolutionizing surgery. Figures like Lister emphasized sterilization, drastically reducing infection rates and empowering more complex operations.

From X-rays to robotic surgery, recent technological advances have continued to transform surgical practice, improving precision and expanding the possibilities for treatment and recovery.

John Hunter is hailed as the father of modern scientific surgery for his rigorous methods. Other pioneers, such as Sims and Halsted, contributed to establishing surgery as a disciplined scientific field.